Representation Of Women Research Articles

Women on board and business performance

Purpose This study aims to examine the association between women on board and business performance. It also aims to investigate the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and female directors on stock prices, including the function of female directors in moderating the CSR–market performance link that ultimately provides valuable insights into the impact of gender diversity on corporate boards. Design/methodology/approach Data from US publicly listed firms between 2000 and 2018 were collected and analysed using OLS regression, median regression, M-estimator regression and MM-estimator regression at 70% and 95% efficiency. In this study, firm market value was measured through Tobin’s Q, board diversity with ISS database and CSR strength and concern with the KLD database. Findings The results indicated that CSR positively impacts market performance by 3.1%, female board representation positively influences market performance by 4.8% and female board members strengthen the CSR–market performance relationship by 1.0% while playing a moderating role. Overall, these studies demonstrated the significance of female boards of directors for enhancing market performance. Research limitations/implications This study used the data of US-listed firms from 2000 to 2018. The results have contributed to the ongoing discussion about the importance of gender diversity in boards and its influence on firm success. Further research works are suggested to expand the analysis by including other countries or considering additional factors that may influence the association between CSR, board representation of women and market share. Practical implications This study is essential for investors, legislators and CSR institutions in developed countries. The favourable impact of female board presence on market performance and the enhancement of the CSR–market performance relationship highlight the necessity of encouraging gender diversity on boards of directors and CSR activities. Social implications This study emphasises the significance of gender balance on corporate boards in solving important social challenges including climate change, resource scarcity and gender equality. Companies can actively assist in addressing global issues and improving the well-being of stakeholders by promoting gender-diverse boards and encouraging CSR efforts. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first study demonstrating that gender diversity on corporate boards moderates the significant association between CSR performance and profitability in the USA. It has contributed to the expanding body of information regarding the moderating influence of female directors on firm value and stronger evidence for female directors in the governance of businesses.

Natural resource rents and public spending on education in Africa: Does women's political empowerment matter?

The increase in the number of women in political office is one of the most significant social trends of recent decades. Although still underrepresented, women's participation in decision-making bodies is increasing. This paper analyzes the moderating effect of women's political empowerment on the relationship between natural resource rents and public spending on education in a sample of 47 African countries over the period 2003–2020. This study employs several recent methods to effectively address the endogeneity issue, including the Generalized Method of Moments in System (GMM-S) and the Two-stage Instrumental Variables (2SIV) approach. Overall, the results show that natural resource rents reduce public spending on education, but their interaction with the index of women's political empowerment in composite and disaggregated form increases public spending on education in Africa. These results are tested at four levels of robustness, including the inclusion of additional control variables, the exclusion of outliers, and the use of alternative dependent and independent variables. We suggest improving the representation of women in African political decision-making. This could include quotas for women in decision-making bodies, mentoring programs for women leaders, and financial incentives for political parties that promote women's participation. Steps must also be taken to address structural barriers that prevent women from fully participating in political life, such as discrimination and violence against women.

Female bodies and dynastic legitimacy in the Nereid Monument at Xanthos

Abstract This article reassesses the so-called Nereid Monument (ca 380 BCE) at Xanthos in Lycia by focusing on the narrative and symbolic role of female figures within its sculptural programme. Constructed as the tomb for the Lycian dynast Erbbina, the monument has been noted for its over-human-size sculpture of Nereids, its historicising city-siege reliefs, as well as its spectacular fusion of visual and architectural styles, motifs and themes from various contexts throughout the Aegean and Anatolia. Building on this scholarship, I turn specifically to the monument’s innovative representations of non-mythological women in prominent areas of its visual programme: Erbbina’s dynastic consort and a distressed woman who is caught in the throes of military violence. By focusing on the role of female bodies in Erbbina’s funerary qua triumphal monument, I argue for the important narrative function of female bodies in articulating dynastic legitimacy and continuity. Finally, this article comments on the importance of femininity in addition to masculinity in dynastic expressions in the fourth century, thus anticipating major art-historical changes in the art of power at the beginning of the Hellenistic period.

‘All the same under the skin’: representations of class and gender in Michel Faber’s Under the Skin

ABSTRACT The essay, broadly conceived in two sections, examines the relationship between gender and class in Michel Faber’s novel Under the Skin. The first section utilizes Beverley Skeggs’ ethnography on working-class women in Britain to outline Isserley’s social positioning and how it is associated with negative value. We contend that Isserley’s appearance and employment reproduce the dominant and pathologizing cultural representations of working-class women. Further, the essay argues that Isserley disidentifies as a working-class woman through the discourse of improvement since the representations of her positioning constantly devalue her. In the second section, we shift our focus to the intersection of gender and class in the construction of masculine identity. We argue that the representation of men in the novel replicates that of working-class men in the British context. The essay draws on R.W. Connell’s concept of marginalized masculinities to explore how the lives of men become inferior not just in terms of their bodies but also by failing to align with the hegemonic norms of manhood, such as staying employed, married, and being a provider for the family.

Representation of women and work in the most popular series in the UK and Spain

This study provides a portrait of the occupational roles in the series most watched on the generalist DTT channels in the United Kingdom and Spain. The media representations of gender role attitudes in the workplace, especially in fiction, influence the popular culture and social imaginary of the audiences. In this context, the study of the series with the largest audience is important to discover the patterns that these fictions show about work environments. This article analyzes 40 popular series broadcasts on generalist television channels in the United Kingdom and Spain. A sample of more than 400 characters reveals the representation of women and men in the workplace, highlighting the similarities and differences regarding job profiles, leadership, and prestige. The comparison between both markets allows us to find relevant concepts on the current representation of women and work. While in the UK the differences are minor, the results in Spain confirm the differences between male and female characters associated with various aspects of the workplace such as the prestige and positioning of the most qualified jobs.

Addressing Barriers to Women's Representation in Party Candidate Selections

AbstractAn analysis of Conservative and Labour Party candidate selections reveals persistent gender disparities, with the Conservative Party nominating a significantly higher proportion of men. While various factors, such as local connections and harassment, abuse and intimidation (HAI) are cited as explanations, they fail to address systemic issues within the Conservative Party's recruitment processes and organisational culture. This article argues that the focus should shift from individual women to party structures and practices that perpetuate gender inequality. Drawing on previous research and empirical evidence, it calls for institutional reforms including the implementation of quotas and greater transparency in candidate selection. Finally, it calls for a gender‐sensitive audit of party culture to address underlying barriers to women's participation in politics.

“On the books” yet “off the record”-occupational injury and migrant women: scoping review findings from OECD countries, with implications for New Zealand

IntroductionLittle appears to be known regarding the work-related injury (WRI) experiences of migrants (those born in a country other than their identified host country) and specifically, women migrants.MethodsAs part of a wider PhD project investigating the WRI experiences of New Zealand (NZ) migrants, a review of NZ mainstream media coverage of migrants WRIs was undertaken, which identified no representations of migrant women's WRI experiences. In turn, a scoping review was undertaken to identify peer-reviewed publications reporting empirical findings about WRI experiences and outcomes for migrants in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries, including NZ. This paper aims to identify and describe findings for migrant women specifically. From 2,243 potential publications, 383 proceeded to full text review; ultimately 67 were retained. These 67 publications were reviewed to identify findings specifically for occupationally injured migrant women; 22 such publications (from 21 studies) were found. This paper reports: the characteristics of identified studies; characteristics of migrant women within; frameworks and theories used, and knowledge (and gaps) related to occupationally injured migrant women.ResultsPublications came from only four OECD countries, the United States, Canada, Australia, and Spain. A range of study designs, and topic areas (working conditions, legal rights, identities, the role of gatekeepers, and precarity), were identified; however, only three studies reported findings for longer-term experiences and outcomes of WRIs. Nine publications considered theoretical models underpinning research, including theories about precarious work, stigmatization, and citizenship. However, there was a paucity of analyses of the WRI experience throughout the life-course, highlighting a gap in understanding of how these experiences are “lived” over the long term by occupationally injured migrant women.DiscussionScoping review findings were synthesized using a provisional “matryoshka framing narrative” model, to be refined through forthcoming qualitative interviews with occupationally injured NZ migrant women. This model highlights the multitude of influences in WRI experiences, potentially specific to migrant women, suggesting the consequences of WRIs may be uneven, with migrant women experiencing different, and potentially, greater disparities in outcomes. These findings provide an impetus to investigate knowledge gaps and urgently address potential disparities in WRI outcomes for migrant women specifically.

Underrepresentation of Women in Revascularization Trials

This Viewpoint discusses the unequal representation of women in coronary revascularization trials in the US, its negative effects on the cardiovascular health of both sexes, and potential mechanisms to ensure appropriate representation of women moving forward.

Identifying beliefs about the gender gap in engineering professions among university students using community detection algorithms and statistical analysis

AbstractDigital societies require professionals in the Technology and Engineering sectors, but their lack, particularly of women, requires a thorough understanding of this gender gap. This research analyzes the beliefs and opinions of university engineering students about the gender gap in their professional fields by means of a community detection algorithm to identify groups of students with similar belief patterns. This study leverages a community detection algorithm to analyze the beliefs of 590 engineering students regarding the gender gap in their field, together with a correlational and explanatory design using a quantitative paradigm. A validated questionnaire focusing on the professional dimension was used. The algorithm identified three student communities, two gender‐sensitive and one gender‐insensitive. The study uncovered a concerning lack of awareness regarding the gender gap among engineering students. Many participants did not recognize the importance of increasing the representation of professional women, maintained the belief that the gender gap affects only women, and assumed that men and women are equally paid. However, women show a higher level of awareness, while men perceive the gender gap as a passing trend, which is worrying. Students recognize the importance of integrating a gender perspective into university and engineering curricula. It is worrying that many students doubt the existence of the gender gap and that both genders lack knowledge about gender gap issues. Finally, community detection algorithms could efficiently and automatically analyze gender gap issues or other unrelated topics.

Women's Identity Construction and Identity from the Perspective of Gender Theory: Examination of Gender Discourse based on the Film Barbie

The Barbie film directed by Greta Govig became a new milestone in feminist cinema when it set a box office record in 2023. The film not only presents the portrayal of women in a patriarchal society, but also critiques gender stereotypes with humour, triggering a global feminist discussion. This paper focuses on the construction of women's identity and the representation of women's identity in the film Barbie from the perspective of gender theory and in four parts. The first part is the introductory section, mainly covering the research background and significance of this paper; The second part explores the female identity construction of Barbie from the aspects of appearance and social image; The third part explores the female identity of Barbie from the perspectives of male and female; The fourth part mainly combines and summarizes the previous content, and at the same time, combines social scholars' and film critics' interpretations of the film to deepen readers' understanding of the modern portrayal of women on screen.

Negative selection bias for women inclusion in a clinical trial

IntroductionDespite the growing awareness towards the importance of adequate representation of women in clinical trials among patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), available evidence continues to demonstrate a skewed distribution of study populations in favour of men. Methods and resultsIn this pre-specified analysis from the MASTER DAPT screening log and trial, we aimed to investigate the existence of a negative selection bias for women inclusion in a randomized clinical trial. A total of 2847 consecutive patients who underwent coronary revascularization across 65 participating sites, during a median of 14 days, were entered in the screening log, including 1749 (61.4%) non-high bleeding risk (HBR) and 1098 (38.6%) HBR patients, of whom 109 (9.9%) consented for trial participation. Female patients were less represented in consented versus non-consented HBR patients (22% versus 30%, absolute standardized difference: 0.18) and among non-consented eligible versus consented eligible patients (absolute standardized difference 0.14). The observed sex gap was primarily due investigators' choice not to offer study participation to females because deemed at very high risk of bleeding and/or ischemic complications, and only marginally to a slightly higher propensity of females compared to males to refuse study participation. ConclusionsFemale HBR patients undergoing PCI are less prevalent, but also less likely to participate in the trial than male patients, mainly due to investigators' preference.

Abstract PO1-10-12: Advancing Gender Equity: A Closer Look at Women's Representation in Leading Breast Cancer Clinical Trials

Abstract Introduction: Clinical trials serve as pivotal sources for evidence-based medicine, wielding substantial influence within the medical and scientific community. In recent years, heightened attention has been directed towards encouraging greater female involvement and advancing their representation across various domains of the medical field. Female oncologists tend to focus more over breast cancer as a subspeciality and focused practice. Consequently, this observational study seeks to assess the present status of gender equity in leading breast cancer clinical trials, with the aim of identifying potential concerns and mitigating future risks of bias. By delving into this analysis, we can shed light on the current landscape and pave the way for improved inclusivity and fairness in breast cancer research. Methodology: To examine the portrayal of female principal investigators (PIs) in breast cancer clinical trials over the past two decades, we conducted a thorough search of breast cancer clinical trials listed on ClinicalTrials.gov. Furthermore, we employed https://gender-api.com to assess the gender of each PI and calculate the experience in the medical field of the PI by subtracting the PI graduation year from the year of conducting the clinical trial. In addition, we gathered pertinent details concerning the PIs and the clinical trials, and subsequently subjected the data to univariate analyses to detect any noteworthy distinctions between male and female PIs. Results: Over the span of the past twenty years, a total of 9,145 cancer clinical trials were conducted, with 1,127 (12.32%) focusing specifically on breast cancer. Through our rigorous efforts, we managed to gather comprehensive information about the principal investigators (PIs) in 788 (69.92%) of these clinical trials. Notably, we discovered that 419 (53.17%) of these trials were led by female investigators. Upon scrutinizing the characteristics of the PIs, we observed several significant distinctions between male and female PIs. Female PIs exhibited a lower median age (57.0 vs. 60.0) and possessed less medical experience (17 vs. 22 years) compared to their male counterparts (P< 0.001). Furthermore, we found a substantial divergence in the funding sources for the clinical trials between the genders. Female-led trials received a lower percentage of industrial funding (13.1% vs. 24.2% for males, P< 0.001) but showcased a significantly higher percentage of university funding (38.7% vs. 28.0% for males, P< 0.001). Most of the clinical trials led by female PIs were categorized as phase 2 trials (82.8% vs. 66.8% for males) and were conducted in single centers (61.2% vs. 52.6% for males), demonstrating a noteworthy statistical difference (P< 0.001) in both cases. However, no statistically significant disparities were found between male and female PIs in terms of termination rates, publication rates, or the type of intervention utilized in the clinical trials. Furthermore, the ratio of females PI wasn’t different throughout the time as the liner regression model estimated effect was -0.009 with P= 0.065. Conclusions: The study shows the great effort done by female researchers, even though they have lower age, experience, and support from the industrial companies and lower opportunity to have bigger multicenter clinical trials, they still manage to have equivalent rate of termination and publication of the clinical trials showing their capability to lead clinical trials and the need to be supported to maintain the gender equity in leading the breast cancer clinical trials. However, female involvement in other cancer sites might be different and needs to be looked at. Citation Format: Abdulrahman Alhajahjeh, Ghayda’ Bader, Basil Abdin, Taima’ Bader, Saji Aweidah, Layla El-Amayreh, Hikmat Abdel-Razeq. Advancing Gender Equity: A Closer Look at Women's Representation in Leading Breast Cancer Clinical Trials [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO1-10-12.

Does Matrilineality Reduce Gender Inequality in Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Public Participation? Some Evidence from Malawi.

This paper reports on Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) public participation in Malawi with a focus on the role of women from matrilineal and patrilineal marriage systems. Six rural ESIA projects are explored of which three are in areas of patrilineal and three are in areas of matrilineal systems. Participation space was found to be consistently dominated by men, with no obvious differences between both systems. The key reasons are likely to be lower educational and social status of women in rural areas throughout the country. This is associated with a number of challenges, including chronic poverty and food insecurity. Affirmative action is needed to achieve a better representation of women in ESIA processes.

Multicenter study on the frequency of low bone mineral density in young women with breast cancer and associated factors

IntroductionYoung women with breast cancer (BC) may experience bone mineral density (BMD) loss secondary to cancer treatment effects on estrogen levels. Studies assessing BMD in BC patients have had a limited representation of young women. This multicenter retrospective study analyzed the frequency of low BMD and associated factors in this age group. MethodsWomen diagnosed with stage 0-III BC at ≤40 years, treated with chemotherapy and/or endocrine therapy between 2010-2020 at 5 Mexican BC referral centers were eligible. Demographic, clinical and treatment data were collected, as well as bone dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) results. Low BMD was defined as lumbar or femoral neck T-score <-1.0 or Z-score ≤-2.0. Results1259 patients were included; median age at diagnosis was 36 years (21-40). Overall, 93% received chemotherapy and 65% endocrine therapy (tamoxifen was received at some point by 61%, aromatase inhibitors by 17%, and GnRH agonists/bilateral oophorectomy by 21%). DEXA scans were documented in 254 (20%), of which 163 (64%; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 58-70%) had a low BMD report. Low BMD was associated with receiving aromatase inhibitors (Odds ratio [OR] 1.92; 95%CI 1.13-3.24), and GnRH agonists/bilateral oophorectomy (OR 2.25; 95%CI 1.21-4.21). ConclusionThe suboptimal frequency of BMD monitoring observed displays an alarming disregard for bone health in young patients. Thus, a high proportion of women with low BMD are potentially being missed and precluded from the opportunity to receive timely interventions. Particular focus should be put on BMD monitoring among patients treated with aromatase inhibitors, GnRH agonists or bilateral oophorectomy. Micro AbstractYoung breast cancer patients might experience bone mineral density (BMD) loss secondary to estrogen-related treatment effects. Data from 1259 young patients was retrospectively collected at 5 referral centers. BMD was documented in 20%, of which 64% had low BMD, associated with aromatase inhibitors, and GnRH agonists/bilateral oophorectomy. These results highlight the importance of regular BMD monitoring in this young group.

Unveiling the Missing Link: Women in Stem Leadership – A Comprehensive Review

This paper extensively examined the representation of women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) within Malaysia, contextualized globally and historically. Existing research affirms the growing presence of women in the workforce (Gupta, 2020; National Academies of Sciences &amp; Medicine, 2020), their progress in higher education (Manongsong &amp; Ghosh, 2021; Vietze et al., 2022), their presence in professional and managerial roles (Burton et al., 2020; Evans &amp; Maley, 2021), and their successful elevation to CEO positions (Dadanlar &amp; Abebe, 2020). However, women continue to be significantly underrepresented in leadership positions, particularly within STEM firms (Hideg &amp; Shen, 2019; National Academies of Sciences &amp; Medicine, 2020). Young Malaysian women excel in both academic and extracurricular STEM activities from primary to university. Despite this gender equity achieved in STEM education, with 29% of tertiary engineering graduates and 57% of science degree holders being female, only 6% of women pursue careers as STEM professionals (Looi, 2022). Additionally, slightly over 4% of women hold leadership roles in technology firms in Malaysia (Amin &amp; Tan, 2018). Using social constructivist and feminist theories, this analysis examines how societal and environmental factors affect girls’ performance in math and science. Educators and parents play a vital role in providing crucial support. This study also highlights a major research gap, particularly in understanding where qualified women in STEM go, especially within Malaysia.

Gender trends at the annual Spanish Urologic Association (AEU) meeting: A review of AEU programmes over a 10-year period (2012–2022)

IntroductionGender equity in urological meetings is pivotal for fostering diversity and inclusivity in the field. This study aims to evaluate the representation of Spanish urologist and regional disparities, and to assess its alignment with the demographic composition of the urological community. Materials and methodsAll urology meetings organized by the AEU between January 2012 and December 2022 were reviewed, including meeting information and details of the faculty. Additionally, we analysed geographic distribution of speakers across 17 different regions. Gender demographics were obtained disaggregating data by sex and year from the Organización Médica Colegial de España (OMC) and from those urologists affiliated to the AEU. ResultsAnalysing 52 AEU congresses held from 2012 to 2022, encompassing 3,407 speakers, the study found that 95.25% of speakers were from Spain and 89.6% were male speakers. Over the years, there was a positive trend in female speaker representation, increasing by 1.1% annually, slightly lagging the 1.8% annual rise in the number of female urologists in Spain. In specific subfields like functional, transplantation, and oncology sessions, the study revealed a higher representation of women, indicating focused efforts in these areas. Geographically, Madrid, Catalonia and Andalusia exhibited the highest representation. ConclusionsAlthough there was a positive trend towards an increased participation of female urologists in Spanish urological meetings, it fails to accurately reflect the proportional increase in the number of women entering the urology profession in recent years. This study underscores the importance of ongoing efforts to ensure diverse and balanced representation in urological forum.

Constitutional Amendment 106 Women Reservation - What can be Learned from 1/3rd PRI Reservation?

Abstract: Attaining gender inclusion and political empowerment is the goal of the historic Constitutional Amendment for Women's Reservation, which calls for a one-third reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). The dynamics of women's participation in grassroots governance can be better understood by looking at the lessons learned from PRIs' implementation of the 1/3rd reservation. In rural local bodies, like as Panchayats, women were required to occupy one-third of the seats under the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992. In an effort to rectify past gender inequalities, increase women's representation in decision-making bodies, and boost their social and political standing, this proactive policy was put in place. The revolutionary effect on women's political engagement is one important takeaway from the one-third reservation in PRIs. Women were able to take part in local administration through the reserved seats, which helped them develop their leadership abilities and increase their visibility in public service. As a result, women's status in communities was enhanced, and decisionmaking became more inclusive and equal. The importance of prioritizing health, education, and social welfare issues is positively correlated with women's political representation, which is another lesson. To address pressing social issues, women PRI officials frequently fought for policies that would have a direct positive effect on women's and marginalized communities' quality of life. In addition, the 1/3rd reservation effort highlighted the significance of initiatives that strengthen the abilities of female leaders. To help women successfully carry out their responsibilities as leaders, educational and training programs were crucial in providing them with the information and abilities they needed to understand and handle the many facets of government. Even with these good results, there are still problems. In many cases, women are unable to reach their full leadership potential due to cultural biases, patriarchal attitudes, and resistance from established power structures. If we want women to have an impact in politics, we need to break down these entrenched stereotypes and create conditions where they feel comfortable taking an active role

Representation of Women in Gothic Literature: Rebecca by Daphne du Maurier

This study examines how women are portrayed in Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca, a work of Gothic fiction. The study looks at how the novel uses Gothic motifs to represent female characters and analyses how patriarchy and identity affect these characters and their lives. By utilising critical analysis and previously published works, the research illuminates how women are portrayed in Gothic literature and provides new insights into issues related to power relations, societal expectations, and the experiences of women. The purpose of this study is to improve understanding of women's representation in Gothic literature and its broader implications by exploring these themes.

"Not Just a Double-O": Shifting Embodiments of Female Heroism in &lt;em&gt;No Time to Die&lt;/em&gt;

Like the spiralling title credits of Casino Royale (2006), the representation of women in Bond films has not always followed a linear path. The evolution of female characters has generally been viewed as peaking in the Brosnan-era with the introduction of a stern female M (Judi Dench) in GoldenEye (1995) and the highly skilled Agent Lin (Michelle Yeoh) in Tomorrow Never Dies (1997). Craig-era films continued to cast Dench, but by SkyFall’s release (2012), M was discarded, and, barring a few exceptions, female representation of Agent Lin’s caliber was replaced with disposable anti-heroines such as Severine (Berenice Marlohe). This article reassesses Craig-era Bond women, specifically in No Time To Die (2021) by focussing on the shifting nature of their embodiment. The depiction of these Bond women and their various lived experiences of womanhood have profound implications for the continuation of the series. The article argues that these female protagonists re-envision the Bond heroine so to as align with feminist movements (such as #MeToo) and themes. Drawing from feminist-phenomenological frameworks rooted in sensory scholarship and Beauvoirean philosophy, this article looks back at previous examples of prominent female spies in the Bond films to determine how the latest film instalment recycles and re-imagines the female action heroine through the body. Loaded with power and independence, these new protagonists function not just as female Double-O's but agentic cinematic characters in their own right.

Analysis of Gender Paradigms in the West and the East: An Example of Visual Arts

The article focuses on the differences between Eastern and Western art, characteristics of the representation of women&amp;apos;s images in Eastern and Western art, and aesthetic criteria regarding women&amp;apos;s images in Eastern and Western art. The author emphasized the need to understand the image of women in Eastern and Western visual artworks in different cultural and historical contexts and concluded that studying the image of women in visual art can help one better understand regional gender paradigm differences. To understand the representation of women in Eastern and Western cultures, it is necessary to first understand the differences and similarities between these two cultures in order to gain a deeper understanding of how women are portrayed in these cultures. A few of the differences that can be found between East and West include the geographical structure, the ethno-cultural colors, the social outlooks, and the aesthetic ideals of the two regions. In addition to these factors, it is also important to consider how the visual arts of the two regions differ in their methods, materials, and religious, philosophical and philosophical perspectives. Throughout the article, the author discusses these aspects in great detail, showing specific approaches as to how the female image is represented in Eastern and Western visual art traditions. As such, the article provides valuable insight into the cultural divide between East and West and how their respective artistic styles have interacted with each other.